Measuring-machine



(No'Model.) 3 Sheets-Sheet 1.

J. L. KELLUM,v Jr.

'MEASURING MACHINE.

No.- 542,195. Patentd July 2, 1895.

3 Sheets-Sheet 2.

J. L. KBLLUM, Ji. MEASURING MACHINE.

(No Model.)

, 3 Sheets-Sheet 3. J. L. KELLUM, Jr. MBASURING MACHINE.

(No Model.)

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UNiTED STATES PATENT EEICE.

JOHN Lucius KELLUM', JE., or NEAR BEYsoN, TENNESSEE.

MEAsuRlNe-MACHINE.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 542,195, dated July 2,1 895.

Application tiled August '7, 1893.' Serial No. 482.621. (No model.)

To @ZZ whom, it may corr/cerro.- Be it known that I, JOHN LUotUs KELLUM,Jr., a citizen ot' the United States, residing near Bryson,`in thecounty of Giles and State ot Tennessee, have invented a new and usefulMeasuringf-Machine1 of which the follow' ing is a specification.

This invention relates to a machine for determining the distance, size,and proportion,

or either of these three things, of objects; andl it consists in certainimproved mechanism whereby the theory of the right-angled triangle isutilized and applied to this purpose. These means will be fullydescribed hereinafter, and finally embodied in the claims.

In the drawings, Figure 1 represents a peri spective View of my completemachine, showing it operatively arranged and its parts in the properadjustment; Fig. 2, a vertical sec tion taken through the post orstandard portion of my improvements; Fig. 3, an enlarged perpective Viewof the hypotenuse-indicating carriage, together with the track or guidefor carrying the same; Fig. 4, a rear elevation of the said carriage;Fig. 5, a sectional view thereof, showing the gearing and its relationto the track or guide; Fig. 6, a detail view illustrating theconstruction of the said track or guide; Fig. 7, a detail perspective ofthe main beam for sighting toward the object under View; Fig. 8,' a viewof the upper portion of the post or standard of the instrument andshowing the beam of Fig. 7 xed thereto, while the dial-plate of saidpost or standard is shown to be removed; Fig. 9, an enlarged perspectiveof the free end of the main sig-hting-beam of Fig. 7 and showingattached thereto the several graduated bars, as will be better describedhereinafter; Fig. 10, adetail perspective view of the needle-bar forascertaining widths, together with the means for mounting the same onthe standard or post of the machine; Fig. 1l, a perspective view showingthe post or standard of the machine with its several attachments foldedand dismantled, illustrating the positions which they assu me when beingtransported; Fig. 12, a view of a modified form of support for themachine; Fig. 13, a diagrammatic view illustrating the operation ofmeasuring the distance of a perpendicular length or air-line;

Fig. 14, a view illustrating the manner of de-,

termining the height and width of distant objects; Fig. 15, a seconddetail section'of the hypotenuse-indicating carriage and taken on a lineat right angles to that of Fig. 5.

The preferred form of my invention is provided withV a post or standard,or, rather, a body portion, composed of three principal parts 1, 2, and3. The portion 1 consists of a cylindrical main part having the threepins 4 secured therein at equidistant points around its circumference.'lhese pins have formed integral with their outer ends the circularplates or disks 5, which are, of course, one for each pin and which arecentrally perforated. The purpose of thisperforation of the disks 5 isto permit pivotally securing the bifurcated upper ends 6 of thetripod-legs 7 to the portion 1 of the post, and thisis effected bycausing said bifurcated ends to embrace the disks and securing them inplace through the medium of pins 8.

The legs 7 are, as previously explained, three in number, and are formedof two sections a and b, joined to each other by the yokes 9 andset-screws 10, the yokes being two for each leg, While the set-screwsare one therefor. The upper end of the portion 1 is reduced at 11 andformed with an axial socket 12, inv which the pin 13 of the portion 2 isrevolnbly seated, a set-screw 14. being provided and passed through theportion 1, so that it will be capable of engaging the spindle 13,wherebythe two parts may be locked in place. The part 2 of the post orstandard of the machine is ot' approximately the same size as thereduced upper end 11 of the part 1, and the upper end of the portion 2is formed with a projection 15, shaped as one longitudinal half of theportion and adapted to co-operate wi-th the corresponding portion 16ofthe part 3 of the post. These two parts 15 and 16 are held in place bymeans of the bolt 17, which passes horizontally through them and isprovided with a thumb-nut 18, whereby the parts may be clamped in placeand at any desired relation. Fixed to the projection 15 of the part 2 isthe segmental dial-plate 19which is so placed that the bolt 17 will beaxially related thereto, and which is adapted to co'operate with theindicator-point 2O of the part 3. These two parts-the dial-plate 19 andindicator 20are so related on their respective portions of the machinethat as the portion 3 swings on its pivotal mounting-namely, the boltl7-the indicator will travel over the face of the dial, thus permittingthe slant of the part 3 to be ascertained by an examination ofthegraduations on the plate 19. The parts are so related that when theportion 3 assumes pin 23 passes, and in which said pin is rigidlysecured. This pin of necessity is extended at rightangles to the bolt 17and is projected beyond the portion 3 to facilitate aording means formounting the main beam 24. The main beam 24 is mounted upon the pin 23,so as to be capable of swinging` thereon, and it is provided at its rearor short arm with a hand-grip 25, shaped similar to the handle portionof a pistol and adapted to afford means for manipulating the beam.

The beam 24 has its front and long arm reduced and graduated, as may beseen by reference tothe drawings, while it has formed integral with itsunder side a parallel and forwardly-extending projection 2G, having ahereinafter-specified purpose. Fixed to the free end of the long arm arethe plates 27, which are two in number and which are arranged one oneach side of thebeam and with a portion projecting above the same.

Within these portions the lower end of the bar 28 is pivotally mountedby means of the pin 30, extending transversely through the projections0r feet 29, formed at the lower end of said bar 28. By these means thebar 2S is mounted upon the beam 24 so as to be capable of swinging toavertical position and of folding horizontally with the beam 24.

The bar 28 is formed with graduations thereon, as may be seen byreference to the drawings, and provided with a sliding indicator 3l,which is movable throughout the vertical extentof the bai-and which isadapted to indicate points thereon the knowledge ot which is necessaryto the finding of heights, all of which will appear hereinafter.

The upper edge of the beam 24 is formed dovetailed and adapted for thereception of the sliding sight 32, which is formed with a correspondinghase portion and which has an upper portion consisting of atransverseplate notched at its middle, so as to he in alignmentl with the bar 28.Fixed to the inner side of the beam 24 and lying directly against theportion 3 of the post or standard is the segmental gear-plate 33, whichhas its outer edge formed with cog-teeth thereon, adapted to.

mesh with the similar teeth on the pinion 34. The pinion 34 is iixed toa revoluble spindle 35, mounted in turn in the portion 3. The outer endof the spindle 35 is provided with an indicator-arm 36, which is fixedthereto and which is adapted to move around in a circle in unison withthe movements ot' the spindle.

Secured over the upper end of the secton plate 33 and over the gear 134is the dialplate 37, which has an annular tiange 38 formed thereon andby which it is secured in place. The plate 37 is circular in shape andhas its face provided with the graduations, as shown, it being s0arranged that the arm 3G will lie on its outer side, all ot which may beseen by reference to the drawings. By this construction the beam 24 maybe swung on its pin 23 and its inclination ascertained, since the sectoror gear plate will move therewith and impart to the gear 34 and arm 36 acorresponding movement.

It will be observed that the pin 23 and bolt 17 are disposed at rightangles to each other, and this so as to permit adjusting the beam 24 inaddition to the adjustment afforded by the bolt 17. Thus, owing to thearrangement attending the bolt 17, the beam 24 may be moved laterally,while by manipulating the beam on pin 23 the former may be moved in avertical line and at right angles to the first line of movement.

Pivotally connected to the right-hand plate 27 of the beam 24 is thearc-shaped plate 39, which extends horizontally and which curvesinwardly, the pitch otthe curve being suoli as to have for its centerthe rear or inuerextremity of the beam 24. Operating with the plate 39is the needle-beam 40, which is shown in detail by Fig. 10 and whichconsists of a slender bar or beam of a length equal to the radius ot thecurve described by plate 39 and provided at its outer end and on theunder side thereot` with a downwardly-extending linger 41, in which aset-serew 42 operates, by which the beam may be secured at any pointthroughout the extent of `the plate 39. The remaining and inner end ot'the beam 40 is pivotally connected to the rear end of the beam 24 bymeans ot' the pin 43,which is rigidly secured therein and which isprovided with the perforated plate or disk 44, disposed horizontally andadapted to have the bifurcated inner end ot' the beam 40 to embrace it,

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a pin being passed vertically through said i permit folding the plate 39parallel with the When the plate beam 24, as shown in Figli.

39 is so disposed, the beam 40 will be disengaged therefrom and will bemoved parallel with the beam 24, all of which is illustrated in thefigure above referred to.

The beam 24 has at its rear end a shoulder 4 5, which has beenhereinbefore referred to as the rear extremity of the beam, and which ispractically such, though the enlargement or manipulating-extension 25projects still farther rearward. Rigidly fixed to the forward portion ofthe handle 25 is the V-shaped block 46, which is formed with a sideextending at right angles to the longitudinal disposition of the beam24, and it is to this side that the way or track 47 is rigidly yetremovably secured by means of screws or equivalent devices.

The track or guide 47 is formed of two sections d and e.. The section dis formed with tongues 48 thereon, which are two in number and which areadapted to be received in the corresponding notches 49 formed in thesection e. These parts are held rigidly'connected by means of the screws50, which are one for each lug and which pass through the same. This wayor guide extends horizontally and at right angles to the beam 24.Riveted to the rear side of the guide 47 is the rack-bar 51, which isdisposed with its teeth downwardly and which is formed in two sectionsto accommodate the sections of which the guide is composed. .Therack-bar 5l is so arranged on the sections of the guide that when thetwoare assembled the contiguous edges of the rack-bar will snugly engageeach other and form a continuous device.

By means of thejoint in the guide its sections may be folded and placedalongside each other, while the fastening devices of block 46 may be'released and the whole beam laid alongside of the beam 24, so as to makethe machine compact and`capable of easy transportation, as shown in Fig.ll. Sliding on the guide'47 is the carriage 52, which consists of. twoapproximately square `frames 53, rigidly joined to each other by blocks54, interposed between their corners and provided with screws or otherfastening devices passing through them. Arranged over the frames 53 is acasing 54a, which extends around the sides and ends thereof and which isformed with openings 55, through which the guidebar 47 passes and inAwhich the said bar is Y movable.

Revolubly journaled within the casing 54a and at the upper portionthereof is the spindle 56, upon which the spur-gear57 is mounted and towhich-the said gear is fixed. This gear is so related to the guide-bar47 that it will mesh with the teeththereof, and by these means as thecarriage ismoved along the guide-bar the shaft 56 will be given a rotarymovement commensurate with the movements of the carriage. Fixed to theshaft 56 and lying-alongside of the gear `57 is the piniongear 58, whichmeshes withthe spur-gear 59,

fixed in turn to the shaft 60, also journaled in the casing 546. -J

The shafts 56 and 60 are each extended beyoud the casing 54a and on therear side thereof. The shaft 56 is provided with an indieatingarm61,which travels around a dial-face 62 and which is adapted to indicatethe several graduations thereof, as will appear more fully hereinafter.The shaft is also provided with an indicating-'arm 63, which operateswith a dial-face 64, both of which are similar to the arm 6l and face62, with the exception of the size, which is twice as great in thedial-face 64 as in the face 62. Fixed to or formed integral with thefront side of the casing 54a are the vertically-aligned eyes 65, whichare two in number and which are provided for the reception of thespindle 66. The spindle 66 is formed with a shoulder 67, which bearsagainst the upper eye and prevents downward movement of the spindle, aset-screw 68 being provided, whereby the spindle may be held incapableof revolution and at\any axial-position. The upper side of the casing54a is provided with av semicircular plate 69, which is graduated withradial and concentric lilies and which is adapted to cooperate with theindicating-arm 70, fixed to the spindle 66, and in such a position vthatit will be capable of playing over the face of the plate 69. By thismeans the angle and relative position of the spindle 66 may bedetermined.

Fixed to the spindle 66 at a point above the arm 70 is a rod 7l, whichyprojects forwardly from the carriage 52, though it is capable ofswinging rearwardly owing to the revoluble character of the mountings ofspindle 66. It will be observed that as the carriage 52 is moved alongthe guide-bar 47 the shafts 60 and 56 will be given a rotary movementand that this will be imparted to their arms 63 and 6l, respectively,causing them to indicate the degree and extent of their revolutions onthe Adial-faces with which they co-operate. All of this will be morefully described hereinafter.

- The modification of Fig. l2 consists in an appliance for substitutingthe legs 7, and this consists of a single staff 72, provided at itslower end with a pointed ferrule 78, whereby it may be driven intotheground, and at its upper end with a vertically-extending socket 74 andset-screw 75. This socket is adapted to receive the spindle 13 of thepor'tion 2 of the post or standard of the machine, while the set-screw75 is provided to lock the parts in position. When this device is used,the legs 7 will of course, together with the section l of the post orstandard, be dispensed with.

Fig. vll shows how the various parts of the machine may be folded so asto make the machine compact and so as to facilitate its transportation.lVhen so arranged, the bar 28 is swung horizontally upon the upper sideof the beam 24, the plate 39 moved so as to lie be- IOO tween theprojection 26 and the beam 24, the beam 40 moved parallel with thelatter beam, and the guide-bar 47 disconnected from its plate 46 andarranged parallel with the other portions of the machine. The guidebar47 is formed in sections to the end that when the machine is folded itwill not project beyond the beam 24, and when the length of the bar 47is not'greater than that of the beam 24 it will not be necessary todisconnect its sections.

The use of my invention is illustrated in Figs. 13 and 14 of thedrawings, will now be described.

Fig. 13 illustrates the principal operation which my machine is capableot performing, and that which is essential to every other op erationthereof. This consists in the finding of perpendicular lengths, or thedistance to an object. To attain these ends I employ an imaginaryright-angled triangle, the altitude of which is longitudinally alignedwith the air-line to the object-point. Thus, in the operation, the beam24 is adjusted so that it will represent the altitude of the triangleand the guide-bar 47 arranged to extend at right angles to the beam 24and to comprise the base of the triangle. I now move the carriage 52inwardly toward the beam 24 and adjust the rod 71 so that it willintersect at its line of vision with the end of the beam 24. Now we havedescribed a rightangled triangle whose base is the distance from thecarriage inwardly to the beam 24, whose altitude is the length of thebeam 24, and whose hypotenuse is the distance from thefront end of thebeam 24 to the spindle 6G. Suppose now that the beam 24 is of a lengthequal to thirty inches and that the distance representing the base ofthe triangle is one-fourth of an inch. Now, the operation of determiningthe distance to the object-point consists in extending the base of thetriangle so that it will have an extent equal to some multiple of itsformer extent and in correspondingly extending the hypotenuse. Thus forevery multiple of the base we have a corresponding multiple of thealtitude; and the altitude is determined, as the base is increased, bysighting along the rod 71 and by determining the point at which the lineof vision, running along said rod, intersects with the air-line to theobject-point. So the length of the base is increased until the rod 7l isin a position which will permit its line of vision to intersect with theobjectpoint, whereupon the operation will be complete, and the actualdistance of the air-line may be ascertained by multiplying the number ofincreasesin the base by the length ofthe beam 24. Taking, for example,thirty inches as the length of the beam 24 and one-fourth of an inch asthe primary length of the base of the triangle, and supposing that thebase has been increased eight times in attaining the intersection of therod 71 with the objectpoint, thus we have the formula of eightmultiplied by thirty inches equals two hundred and forty inches, which,reduced to feet, makes and these twenty feet. Therefore the distance totheol)- j ect-point will be twenty feet.

It will be observed that the siz'e of the primary triangle may bevariously changed without affecting the principle of the invention, andI have provided means for so changing the triangle in making the spindle66 adjustable onthe carriage 52. Thus the carriage may be arranged, inthe first instance, one or two inches from the beam 24 and the rod 71made to intersect with the end of the beam 24, thus describing atriangle having a base of two inches and an altitude of thirty. Withthis or any other adjustment the operation of finding the distance tothe object will be the same as that just described. It will also beobserved that should beam 71 intersect with the object at a point midwayof one of the original bases, so as to cause the base of the enlargedtriangle to be equal to a number ot the original bases and a fractionthereof, this will not interferewith the accurate determination of thedistance, since the formula may be eight and one-half multiplied bythirty inches just as well as in the first formula.

I provide the dials 62 and 64 and their respective indicators fordispensing with mathematical calculation in the attainment of theabovebperation, and this is done by determining a speciiic base and byarranging the dials so that each increase or fractional increase ot thebase will `be recorded and concurrently multiplied With the altitude.Thus we have the distance to the point with which the rod 7l intersectsalways indicated, no

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matter what be the position ofthe carriage 52;

`and when the beam 7l intersects with the object-point all that will benecessary is to read the distance from the dials, one of which is madeto indicate feet and the other inches. I will not go intoadetaileddescription of the graduations and operation of these dials, since thisis a matter of common knowledge and does not require anything more thanmechanical skill to provide such an arrangement. It will be understood,however, that with each change of the baseof the primarytriangle thisindicating device will have to be correspondingly changed, if it isdesired that its showings be correct.

Fig. 14 illustrates the method of determining the width and height ofdistant objects by my machine, and this consists in the use of the bar28 and plate 89. Thus, to determine the height of an imaginary cube atthe distance of twenty feet, such distance having been previouslydetermined, all that will be necessary is to sight the beam 24 so thatit will point to the base ot' the cube, then raise the indicating-slide31 up the bar 28 until the object-point 45 of the beam 24, the slide 31,and the top of the cube are each aligned with the other. The actualheight of the cube may now be determined by multiplying the number oftimes which the length ot the beam 24 enters into the distance to thecube by the distance between the slide 31 and the base of IIO the bar28. Thus, for example,supposingthe. lcube to be twenty feet distant, thethirty beam 24 to point toward one end of the cube,

after which the beam 40 should be swung out along the plate 39 until itintersects with the opposite side of the cube. The width is nowdetermined by multiplying the number of times which the beam 24 iscontained in the distance to the cube by the distance from the front endof the beam 24 to the corresponding end of the beam 40. Thus, supposingthis klatter distance is ten inches and using the measurements of thepreceding formulas, we have eight multiplied by ten inches equals eightyinches, which, reduced to feet, equals si-x and two-thirds feet,whichwill bethe Width vof the cube.

If so desired, in the measurements of 'heights the bar 28 may bedispensed with and the height attained by rst sighting the beam 24 tothe base of the object measured and noting the indications of thevdial37, after which the beam 24 should be raised until it points to theupper end of thexobject measured and the then changed indications of thedial 27 noted. The difference between these two indications of the dial37 will be equal to the distance of the arc described by the outer endof the beam 24. The remainder of the problem is now worked out in themanner heretofore described. c

It will be observed that my machine is capable of performing variousother operationsdependent upon these fundamental principles,;such as themeasurement of the bases of mountains and various other calculations. Itis not necessary to explain these here, since they are all dependentupon and are mere variations from the three fundamental operationshereinbefore described.

Various changes in the form, proportion, and arrangement of the parts ofmy invention may be resorted tovwithout departing from the substancethereof. Therefore I desire it understood that I am not restricted tothe precise construction herein shown, but am entitled to suchvariations as come within the above definition. ,A

Having described the invention, I claiml. In a machine for measuringdistances, the combination with a rigid portion or standard, of a mai-nbeam mounted thereon so as to be capable of swinging on a horizontalaxis, said beam having a triangular block fixed thereto, a guide-beamcomprising two sections removably and rigidly joined to each other, theguide-beam having one end removably secured to the triangular block soas to extend at right angles to the main beam, and an indicator movableon Vthe guide-beam, substantially as described.

2. In a distance measuring machine, a rigid portion or standard, a mainbeam mounted thereon so as to be capable of swinging on a horizontalaxis, an arc-shaped and graduated rod secured to theouter end of themain beam and extending horizontally, a needle beam hinged to theopposite end of the main beam and arranged so that its free end Willswing in the arc of the said graduated rod, a guidebeam removablysecured to the main beam and extending horizontally and at rightA anglesthereto, and an indicator mounted and operating on the guide-beam,substantially as A.

described.

3. In a machine for measuring distances, the combination of a rigidportion or standard, a main beam mounted thereon so as to be capable ofswinging on a horizontal axis, a guide-beam rigidly secured to the mainbeam vand extending at right angles thereto, the said guide-beam havinga series of cog-teeth extending throughout its length, an indicatingcarriage slidably mounted on said guidebeam and having at one side adial face, a spindle mounted vertically on the indicating carriage andcapable of axial l adjustment thereon, a horizontal indicating rod fixedto the spindle, a shaft revolubly mounted within the indicatingcarriage, an indicating arm fixed to said shaft and operating with thedial on the carriage, and a gear fixed to the shaft and meshing with thecog-teeth on the guidebar, substantially as described.

4. In a machine for measuring distances, the combination of arigid'portion or standard, a main beam mounted on the same so as to becapable of swinging on a horizontal axis, distance indicating devicescarried by said main beam, a toothed sector fixed to the main beam andconcentric with the axis thereof, a spindle or shaft revolubly mountedin the rigid portion or standard and above the sector, a gear fixed tothe shaft and meshing with the sector, a dial fixed adjacent to theshaft, and an indicating arm operated by the shaft and working on thedial, substantially as described.

5. In a machine for measuring. distances, the combination of a rigidportion or standard, a main beam mounted thereon so as to be capable ofswinging on a horizontal axis and having at its under side and near itsmiddle a parallel and forwardly-proj ecting extension, a graduated andarc-shaped plate Ahaving one end hinged to the frontend of the main beamand capable of swinging so as to lie with its free end in the spacebetween the said beam and the parallel extension, and a needle-beamhinged to the opposite end of the main beam and .having its free endcapable of sliding connection with the plate, substantially asdescribed.

6. In a machine for measuring distances, a body portion or standardcomprising the parts `pin passing through the two parts, anddistance-indicating mechanism mounted on the `part. 3 and capable ofswinging on a horizontal axis, substantially as described.

7. In an instrument for measuring distances, the combination of avertical support, a graduated beam pivoted to the support between itsends and adapted to tilt in a vertical plane, indicating devices todetermine the declination of the said graduated beam and actuated onmoving the latter, a graduated bar pivotally attached to the front endof the said beam and having a slide mounted thereon, and a sight slideadapted to travel upon the graduated beam and co-operate with thegraduations of the latter and the graduations of the said pivoted barwhen determining the required measurements, substantially as set forth.'

8. In an instrument for determining distances, the combination of asupport having an upper part pivoted thereto so as to move laterally, anindicating mechanism for determining the variation ofthe said upper partfrom a normal position, a graduated beam pivotally connected between itsends to the said upper part of the support so as to operate in avertical plane, the two pivotal connections between the parts ofthesupport and the said beam and the support, respectively, beingright-angularly disposed, indicating mechanism to determine thevariation of the graduated beam from a pre-determined position, agraduated bar at the outer end of the beam and occupying a verticalposition, and a sight slide adapted to move upon the graduated beam,snbstantially as set forth for the purpose described.

9. In a machine for measuring distances, the combination of a rigid bodyportion or standard, a main beam mounted on the body portion or standardand so as to be capable of swinging on a horizontal axis, a guide-barrigidly secured to the main beam and extending at right angles thereto,an indicating carriage movable on the guide-bar and having a segmentaldial face on its upper side, a spindle mounted on one vertical sideofthe indicating carriage and extending vertically thereon, anindicatoi--arm iixed to the spindle and projecting over the said dialface, and a second indieating arm or rod lxed to the spindle and capableof projecting toward the free end of the main beam, substantially asdescribed.

l0. The herein specified measuring and surveying instrument, comprisinga support formed ot' pivoted parts, an indicating mechanism to determinethe relative variation of the said parts when moved upon the connectingpivot, a graduated beam having pivotal connection with the support, thesaid pivots being right-angula-rly disposed, a registering mechanism todetermine the declination ofthe graduated beam and actuated thereby, agraduated bar, and a graduated arc-shaped plate having pivotalconnection with the front end of the beam, the said bar extendingvertically and the plate horizontally, a needle bar having pivotalconnection with the rear end of the beam and adapted to move on thearcshapcd plate, a guide beam extending at right angles to the graduatedbeam, an indicator movable upon the guide beam and havingr itsregistering mechanism actuated by direct contact therewith, and having asegmental dial face on its upper side,a spindle journaled on one side ofthe said indicator, and an indicating arm pivoted to the said spindleand adapted to operate over the said segmental dial face, substantiallyas described for the purpose set forth.

JOHN LUCIUS KELLUM, JR. Witnesses:

JOSEPH W. KENNEDY, W. O. HARRIS.

